also did whatever possible to target the Panthers. While “by any means necessary” became a mantra of the group, J. At least 19 Panthers were killed in shootouts with one another, the authorities or other black revolutionaries. Historians have detailed its mistreatment of female members, extortion, drug dealing, embezzlement and murder. But the group’s social programs - like a breakfast program for schoolchildren and clothing and food drives - came undone partly by the corruption of the leadership. Unlike black separatists, the Panthers welcomed all races and found wealthy liberals willing to give them money.
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Its charter called for full employment, decent housing, and the end of police brutality. The Black Panthers, which never grew beyond a few thousand members, tried to combine socialism and black nationalism. When Frederick Douglass was asked in 1850 what he believed to be the best response to the Fugitive Slave Act, he replied, “A good revolver.” And Malcolm X advocated the same. “But we do believe in self-defense for ourselves and for black people.”Įxpressing a willingness to defend oneself with weapons was hardly revolutionary. “We’ve never advocated violence, violence is inflicted upon us,” Newton told The Times in 1970, one month after a California court overturned his conviction for killing a police officer in Oakland, Calif., where the Panthers originated. They would patrol the streets, guns drawn, turning them on drug dealers and police officers alike. Newton advocated armed self-defense in black communities, where the organization also provided social services. Newton can elicit cries of “hero” or “criminal,” and the space in between reflects the distance in racial perspectives that the United States has failed to bridge since Newton helped found the Black Panthers 50 years ago, when the civil rights struggle was moving beyond the South to black neighborhoods in the North and West. The club’s members made it their mission to patrol their neighborhoods, keeping an eye on the police and others. The Dallas club began in 2014 after an officer there killed an unarmed black man and wounded a child with a stray bullet but was not disciplined. And last month, in response to more police shootings, they took them to another rally in Dallas in which five officers were fatally shot by a veteran of the Army Reserve, not a club member. Newton Gun Club carried their rifles on a march in Dallas. As many Americans protested the police shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo., two years ago, members of the Huey P.
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